Pharmacognosy-IIB (Advanced)

Introduction, significance, sources, active constituents, methods of obtaining volatile oils, chemistry and classification of:

• Hydrocarbon volatile oils: Cubeb and Turpentine oil.
• Alcoholic volatile oils: Peppermint, Coriander and Cardamom.
• Aldehydic volatile oils: Bitter orange peel, sweet orange peel, Lemon, cinnamon and bitter almond oil
• Ketonic volatile oils: Camphor, spearmint, caraway, Buchu
• Phenolic volatile oils: Clove, Thyme.
• Phenolic ether volatile oils: Fennel, Anise, Myristica.
• Oxide volatile oils: Eucalyptus, chenopodium.
• Ester volatile oils:
• Miscellaneous volatile oils: Allium, Anethum.

Introduction, classification, active constituents and pharmacological uses of jalap, turpentine, asafoetida, benzoin, rosin, cannabis, podophyllum, ipomea, myrrh, and balsam.

Introduction, classification, biosynthesis, extraction,  identification, occurrence in plants, their role in plant life and chemical study of tannins in kino, myrobalan, catechu, nutgall, castanea, and krameria.

1. General Introduction to Plant Toxicology: Definition, classification and chemical nature of plant toxins. Plant toxicities in humans and animals
2. Higher Plant Toxins: Essential oils: Terpene (cineol, pine oil), Phenyl propane (apiol, safrole, myristicin), Monoterpene (thujone, menthafuran) Plant acids (oxalic acid, amino acid, resin acid), Glycosides (cardiotonic, cyanognic), Alkaloids (imidazole, pyrrolizidine, tropane).
3. Lower Plant Toxins: Bacterial toxins (Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium botulinum), Algal toxins (Microcystis aeruginosa, Cyanobecteria, Gonyaulax cantenella).
4. Mycotoxins: Fungal toxins (Aspergillus spp., Claviceps purpurea), Mushrooms (Amanita spp.).
5. Study of Toxins, their Prevention and Control Methods: Description, pharmacognostic features, pharmacological actions, chemical constituents, treatment, side-effects, contra-indications, warnings, prevention and control methods of Abrus precatorius, Papaver somniferum, Eucalyptus spp., Nicotiana tabaccum, Cannabis sativa, Digitalis purpurea, Datura stramonium poisoning

An Introduction To Nutraceuticals And Cosmeceuticals

Introduction of anticancer agents of natural origin, as Catharanthusroseus, Colchicum autumnale, Podophyllum peltatum, rifamycin antibiotics, macrolide antibiotics, anti-AIDS agents and immunostimulants.

General introduction and historical background of clinical Pharmacognosy. Study of treatment by herbal medicines

• Diabetes:Gymnema sylvestre, Melia azadirchta, Momordicacharantia, Syzygium jambulana.
• Cardiac diseases:Digitalis spp., Convallaria majalis, Urgenia indica, Allium sativum, Punica granatum.
• Hepatitis:Berberis vulgaris, Picrorhiza kurroa, Lawsonia innermis.
• Respiratory diseases:Ficus religosa, Adhatoda vasica.
• Skin diseases:Aloe vera, Angelica archangelica, Mentha piperita, Citrus spp., Commiphora mukul.
• CNS disorders:Strychnos nux-vomica, Datura stramonium, Cannabis sativa, Papaver somniferum, Atropa belladonna.
• Musculo-skeletal disorders:Nigella sativa, Phycotis ajowan, Trigonella foenum-¬graecum, Zingiber officinale.
• Renal disorders:Cucumis melo, Berberis vulgaris, Zea mays, Tribulus terrestris.
• Reproductive disorders:Saraca indica, Ruta graveolens, Nigella sativa, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Claviceps purpurea, Myristica fragrance.
• G.I.T. disorders:Foeniculum vulgare, Ferula foetida, Cuminum cyminum, Aegle marmelos, Prunus domestica.